Canada achieves 2% GDP defence spending for the first time, meeting NATO commitment. Per capita spending rises from $763 to $1,263 — comparable to Finland. Equipment spending exceeds NATO 20% target. Additional $8.7B this fiscal year. Combined with Arctic sovereignty package, this represents the largest sustained defence investment in Canadian history.

Epoch: 116

Domain: defence

Fiscal cost estimate (LLM): $8.70B CAD

Structural estimate (RIPPLE): +$57.28B CAD net (v3-bfs-signed depth=2, decay=0.5/hop; diverges)

Top RIPPLE cost paths

• +$23.25B → defence_spending (Defence Spending) via defence_spending_per_capita
• +$23.25B → defense_spending (Defence Spending (DND)) via defence_spending_per_capita
• +$4.27B → healthcare_spending (Healthcare Spending) via defense_spending
• +$3.00B → defence_operating_spending (Defence Operating Spending) via defence_spending

Variable changes

• arctic_sovereignty_index: {"new": 65.0, "old": 58.0}
• defence_spending_pct_gdp: {"new": 2.0, "old": 1.29}
• defence_spending_per_capita: {"new": 1263, "old": 763}